Sudip Bandyopadhyay’s Blog

The calibrated fiscal correction happening in India will, in the near future, ensure that the weaker sections of the society are reached  directly for financial and other assistance.  Introduction of UID from the next fiscal will facilitate the above process significantly.

One of the significant wasteful economic activities carried out by the Government of India has been the PDS (Public Distribution System) which does not deliver the desired results and distort decision making process. If the government wants to help low-income groups, organized retail could be the way. ICRIER discovered that it is low income consumers, rather than affluent shoppers, who save more when they shop at organized retail outlets because they target discounts. Should retailers get it right with their private or store labels, as many are threatening to do, FMCG companies will be compelled to start giving customers better deals.  Indeed, retailers believe that if they are allowed to access the farm gate for fruit and vegetables, with time and scale, they will be in a position to sell at competitive prices.  So if customers get access to greater variety at lower prices, what can be better?

This might just be the right time to be talking about FDI in retail, since food inflation is raging and shows few signs of coming down meaningfully.  There’s way too much wastage of farm produce in this country, at Rs 1 trillion a year. What’s a bigger shame is that more than half of this, or 57%, can be avoided.The reason FDI needs to be encouraged is that farmers in this country realize only a third of the total price paid by the end-consumer as compared with two-thirds earned by farmers in countries with a higher share of organized retail. Indeed, that’s the clincher because in a study conducted a couple of years ago, ICRIER  found that farmers are much better off selling directly to organized retailers rather than to intermediaries or to the mandis—their profits, are 60% higher when they sell to the former. So, it’s unfair to let a few intermediaries flourish at the cost of the farmer.

Thus all available information indicates that both farmers and consumers are likely to gain when Organized Retail is encouraged. The recent indications emanating from the Government in this context are reassuring and an expeditious decision on amongst others permitting FDI in Retail will go a long way in providing necessary fillip to our farmers.

Over the years international investors, rating agencies and innumerable experts talked elaborately on the sad state of public finances in India which includes Central Government, State Governments and Local Governments.  While things have not yet become drastically different, winds of changes are definitely blowing and the same should surely be talked about.
The big problem in India was leakages from the system at multiple levels resulting in wastages and inefficiency.  Also the subsidy mechanism of providing benefits to weaker section of the society resulted in distortion and wastages.

Over the last couple of years the Central Government and some State Governments have started taking proactive steps to stem the rot. Introduction of VAT,put a cap on serious leakages of indirect tax revenues  .  Forthcoming introduction of GST and DTC from April 2011 should further tighten the tax collection mechanism. Caliberated steps are also being taken to tackle menace of subsidies.  Petroleum product subsidy is being done away with in a phased manner and this should significantly improve the fiscal situation.  Efforts are now being directed towards restructuring the fertiliser subsidy, another major problem area.

Recalibration of the state help to weaker sections of the society should be possible by reaching out to the needy directly post the introduction of UID and reasonable achievement on the target of financial inclusion.  Hopefully, from the next fiscal year, the same should be possible to an extent and the entire subsidy mechanism can be dismantled over the next few years.

All the above steps taken over the last couple of years would go long way in correcting fiscal imbalance in India.  Investors should take cognisance of these structural changes which are taking place quietly and factor in the  emergence of a fiscally strong  and sound Indian  economy while planning medium to  long termdomestic investment.

International financial markets went through an unprecedented turmoil in 2008-09. All asset classes except gold suffered major reversals and investors lost huge amount of money.  While the world markets have recovered since then significantly, uncertainties in the developed markets still continue to cloud the horizon.  Domestic investors are not sure about deployment of their savings.  Risk aversion is still driving  decision making.

To put things in the perspective, it should be noted that even in 2007 when markets were booming around the world, India was growing at 7-8%, whereas the developed world was growing at 4-5%.  The differential in growth rate was 2-3%.  Currently India is growing at 8-9% whereas the developed world is either stagnant or growing at 1-2%.  Thus the growth rate differential is 6-7% as opposed to 2-3% in 2007 when Indian equity markets peaked.  This makes investment in Indian economy and equities a compelling proposition for international investors. There may be short term turmoils in the markets but over medium to long term Indian markets will attract huge amount of capital due to superior returns.

For the domestic investors, equity is the only asset class which can over a period of time beat inflation and produce good return.  Assuming GDP growth of 9% and inflation around 6%, the nominal  growth will be around 15%.  Thus on an average  the growth of Corporate India should be around 15% ensuring  similar return for equity investors over the next 3-5 years.  Of course, right sectors and stocks should be selected with focus on domestic consumption and Indian growth story.

Other asset classes like debt, gold, commodity etc. may not provide sufficiently attractive returns in the near future.  Interest rates every where around the world have bottomed out and is currently on its way up.  Thus, investors in bonds  / other debt instruments at this point of time may get adversely impacted.  In any case net of tax return on such instruments is not comparable with tax free long term gains from equities.  Gold after having appreciated significantly during the last couple of years, has limited scope for further appreciation.Planned slow down of China to prevent over heating of their economy has resulted in reduction in demand for metal and commodities.  This has led to significant pressure on commodity prices leading to limited scope for profitable investment in commodities.

In view of the above, calibrated deployment of savings in domestic equity in a phased manner for medium to long term will yield optimum results for Indian Investors.

In the summer of 2008 when I landed in St. Petersberg, the first thing which struck me was the beauty of the lovely city,  erstwhile capital of Russia.  However once one starts looking beyond the majestic buildings , palaces and the gardens, one starts getting the distinct feel that though a modern city, the standard amenities, taken for granted in a Western European city may not be easily available in St. Petersberg.

This is a time when the economic crisis had not yet hit the Russian economy fully and the world was yet to face the collapse Lehman and other large US institutions.  Commercial activities,  capital markets and trade were all chugging along. Clearly hope and change for a better future was writ large on the horizon.Then came the world financial crisis and great drop in oil prices.  Russian markets went into a major down ward spiral  impacting  the economy and also the hope for the future.

The recovery of 2009 particularly in the World capital markets to a great extent by-passed Russia and somehow even now this market is viewed with a significant amount of caution. Russia has tremendous growth potential, as penetration levels for most goods and services are well under half those in western Europe; mortgage penetration for example is 3 per cent of GDP and only 20 per cent of people have cars.

For those companies that have been able to seize the opportunity, the rewards have proven tremendous, and Russia now boasts the largest markets in Europe for mobile subscribers, beer and white goods. Meanwhile Russia is the world’s greatest repository of natural resources, and Russian companies are blessed with colossal amounts of commodities, valued at a fraction of their global peers.Lacking as it is in capital, Russia is a high return market, with returns on equity (ROE) before the crisis of nearly 20 per cent.

This has been one of the foundations for the superb performance over the last decade, when the Russian market was up eightfold, the best performer among major markets.Contrary to the various scare stories we have heard during the crisis, debt levels are low in Russia. Government debt and household debt are both under 10 per cent of GDP, bank loans to GDP are 39 per cent, and in the recent McKinsey study of the global credit bubble, Russia stands out for its extremely low level of total debt to GDP (71 per cent), half that of China and a quarter that of developed markets.

Consequently, Russia will not be held back by the deleveraging facing other markets.And into this relatively benign mix comes a catalyst that we believe will electrify the story in 2010 - disinflation. For the first time since the end of the Soviet Union, inflation has now fallen into single digits for an extended period. From 13 per cent in 2008, inflation fell to 9 per cent in 2009 and is currently running at about 6 per cent, where we think it will end the year.

The government will thus be able to continue to cut the cost of money, and we anticipate a further 150 basis points of rate cuts this year. All of this leads to growth: in 2010, GDP growth of at least 5 per cent is expected.The usual counter to a positive stance on Russia is to cite transparency, corporate governance, and corruption. On transparency, the environment has changed radically in the last few years, with Russian companies adopting international accounting standards and disclosure.

On corporate governance, a number of high-profile cases such as Mechel, Vimpelcom or Uralkali were favourably resolved over the last year; in a world of Madoffs and Enrons, Russia is perhaps no worse than its peers. Corruption remains a problem and a drag on growth, albeit an issue that the government is seeking to address.

Fears of a new cold war were always far-fetched given Russia’s new capitalist direction, and we are likely to see much less concern about this given a new government in Ukraine and more accommodating US policy.The main issue that should concern investors is the oil price, given that the rouble, government finances, and profits are heavily dependent upon this. Below $60 a barrel the market gets nervous, and more than $30 a barrel the whole macroeconomic framework looks fragile. This is the main tail risk.

The tragic events unfolding in Greece & it’s impact on EU as well as the entire world economy has confused the world capital markets. The call for bail out of Greek economy & public debt is getting shriller & shriller. However a careful scrutiny of the unfolding events clearly highlights that Greece does not need a bail-out. It needs more reform and, in the long run, nudging Greece in the right direction may be more important than providing short-term assistance.Greece can avoid a bail-out if it demonstrates convincingly to the markets that the reforms in its stability programme will be implemented in a timely fashion.

They also have to be big enough to ensure that the government meets its commitment to cut the budget deficit from 12.7 per cent of gross domestic product to 2.8 per cent by the end of 2012. But even at the end of the adjustment period the debt to GDP ratio will still stand at 113 per cent, which is no smaller than it was in 2009. To bring the debt to GDP ratio level below 100 per cent, not to mention the 60 per cent level required by the Maastricht treaty, will require further adjustment over the coming decade. So the reform process that starts in 2010 should be sufficiently robust to ensure that Greece also reduces its debt burden substantially.

Today’s opportunity to transform the economy for good should not be missed as the country may not have another chance.To speed up and enhance the content of the reforms in the stability plan, there needs to be a bold new privatisation programme to unleash the economy’s potential. Much could be gained from further privatising an economy that is probably the last “Soviet style” economy in the developed world.The Greek state not only runs hospitals, universities and churches but also casinos, lotteries, hotels, marinas, ski resorts, trade fairs, exposition centres, ports, airports, water, electricity and natural gas companies, oil refineries, postal services, transport, banks, and insurance companies.

The state’s stake in listed companies on the Athens Stock Exchange is worth more than €9bn ($12.3bn). Real estate holdings in major state property-management companies are conservatively valued at more than €300bn and yet yield next to nothing.Privatisations, therefore, represent a huge untapped opportunity to re-establish discipline in public finances while, potentially, reducing public debt to more manageable levels.

The stability programme refers to privatisations as a potential source of funds of €2.5bn or 1 per cent of GDP in 2010, while doubling that amount over the period 2010-2012. Clearly, given the magnitude of state control in the economy, these figures are suboptimal and would mainly be achieved by selling government stakes in state enterprises through the stock exchange.However, what is required is a complete severing of the umbilical cord between the state and the economy.

If a wider privatisation programme was carried out, it has been estimated that the total raised could amount to as much as 10 percentage points of GDP - in other words equivalent to the amount by which the budget deficit needs to be cut between now and the end of 2012.Socialist governments in Greece have been credited in the past with the success of major stabilisation efforts.The current government has to outdo its predecessors because conditions are vastly different. The potential for success is clearly there. The task is Herculean for a government in a country with very low credibility.

The way out therefore is to opt for market-orientated additional reforms so that stabilisation comes with improved growth potential that will make implementing the three-year stabilisation programme fail-proof. It is not just about fiscal consolidation. It is about far-reaching reforms that will guarantee beyond doubt that the stability plan is implemented in a way that is credible for markets.